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The Battle of Fort Necessity (also called the Battle of the Great Meadows) took place on July 3, 1754, in what is now the mountaintop hamlet of Farmington in Fayette County, Pennsylvania. The engagement was one of the first battles of the French and Indian War and George Washington's only military surrender. The battle, along with the May 28 Battle of Jumonville Glen, contributed to a series of military escalations that resulted in the global Seven Years' War. Washington built Fort Necessity on an alpine meadow west of the summit of a pass through the Allegheny Mountains. Another pass nearby leads to Confluence, Pennsylvania; to the west, Nemacolin's Trail begins its descent to Uniontown, Pennsylvania, and other parts of Fayette County along the relatively low altitudes of the Allegheny Plateau. ==Background== (詳細はOhio Country, including the upper watershed of the Ohio River in what is now western Pennsylvania.〔O'Meara, pp. 10–12〕 Authorities in New France became more aggressive in their efforts to expel British traders and colonists from this area, and in 1753 began construction of a series of fortifications in the area.〔O'Meara, pp. 15–19〕 In previous wars, the Québecois had more than held their own against the English colonials.〔W. J. Eccles, France in America, p. 179〕 The French action drew the attention of not just the British, but also the Indian tribes of the area. Despite good Franco-Indian relations, British traders became successful in convincing the Indians to trade with them in preference to the Canadiens, and the planned large-scale advance was not well received by all.〔O'Meara, p. 27〕 The reason for this was that they had to provide them with the goods that the Anglo-American traders had previously supplied, and at similar prices. This proved to be singularly difficult. With the exception of one or two Montreal merchant traders, the Canadians showed a great reluctance to venture into the Ohio country.〔Canadian Frontier, W. J. Eccles, p. 165〕 In particular, Tanacharison, a Mingo chief also known as the "Half King", became anti-French as a consequence. In a meeting with Paul Marin de la Malgue, commander of the Canadian construction force, the latter reportedly lost his temper, and shouted at the Indian chief, "I tell you, down the river I will go. If the river is blocked up, I have the forces to burst it open and tread under my feet all that oppose me. I despise all the stupid things you have said."〔 He then threw down some wampum that Tanacharison had offered as a good will gesture.〔O'Meara, p. 28〕 Marin died not long after, and command of the operations was turned over to Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre.〔O'Meara, pp. 4,30〕 Virginia colonial Lieutenant Colonel George Washington was sent by Governor Dinwiddie to travel from Williamsburg to Fort LeBeouf in the Ohio Territory (a territory claimed by several of the British colonies, including Virginia) as an emissary in December of 1753, to deliver a letter. Saint-Pierre politely informed Washington that he was there pursuant to orders, and Washington's letter should have been addressed to his commanding officer in Canada.〔O'Meara, pp. 3–5,33〕 Washington returned to Williamsburg and informed Governor Dinwiddie that the French refused to leave.〔Anderson, p. 45〕 Dinwiddie ordered Washington to begin raising a militia regiment to hold the Forks of the Ohio, near present-day Pittsburgh, a site Washington had identified as a fine location for a fortress.〔Anderson, pp. 43–45〕 The governor also issued a captain's commission to Ohio Company employee William Trent, with instructions to raise a small force and immediately begin construction of a fortification on the Ohio. Dinwiddie issued these instructions on his own authority, without even asking for funding from the Virginia House of Burgesses until after the fact.〔 Trent's company arrived on site in February 1754, and began construction of a storehouse and stockade with the assistance of Tanacharison and the Mingos.〔Anderson, p. 46〕〔O'Meara, p. 49〕 In response, the Canadians sent a force of about 500 men, Canadian, French, and Indians under Claude-Pierre Pécaudy de Contrecœur (rumors reaching Trent's men put its size at 1,000). On April 16, they arrived at the forks; the next day, Trent's force of 36 men, led by Ensign Edward Ward in Trent's absence, agreed to leave the site.〔O'Meara, pp. 50–51〕 The Canadians tore down the British works, and began construction of the fort they called Fort Duquesne.〔Anderson, p. 49〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Battle of Fort Necessity」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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